Compounds can dissolve {dissolution, compound}| in fluids. Solid or liquid solute in liquid solvent tends to break into molecules through collisions with surrounding solvent molecules. Solubility depends on melting point and fusion enthalpy. If both are low, solute is easy to disrupt and dissolve, and solubility is high. Solubility is low if chemical potential is high, because solute order is high.
flux
Inorganic compounds can fuse with acid flux, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or dry perchloric acid. Inorganic compounds can fuse with base flux, such as sodium carbonate. Ratio is 1:10 to 1:20. Flux and compound melt in crucible for 30 minutes until clear, and then cool and dissolve in dilute acid or water.
digestion
Organic materials can dissolve by oxidizing in boiling acid {wet digestion}: nitric and sulfuric acids, or nitric, perchloric, and sulfuric acids.
Adding solvent that does not dissolve well to mixture, and letting mixture and solvent separate, puts solute in new solvent {extraction}|. Extraction solvent can be ammonium chloride, acetic acid, or other salt. In two solvents, equilibrium solute-concentration ratio equals solute-solubility ratio {distribution coefficient}.
5-Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry
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Date Modified: 2022.0225